Análisis de red de síntomas de angustia psicológica, estrés postraumático y miedo por COVID-19 en adultos peruanos
Palabras clave:
ansiedad, depresión, miedo, COVID-19, infecciones por Coronavirus, salud mental, trastornos por estrés postraumático
Resumen
Introducción: la pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19) y las medidas de distanciamiento social utilizado para mitigar la propagación del virus puede tener graves consecuencias para la salud mental.
Objetivo: investigar la red de componentes de la sintomatología de la angustia psicológica, estrés y el miedo al COVID-19 en adultos peruanos durante la primera oleada pandémica en el Perú durante el 2020.
Métodos: fueron incluidos 609 adultos peruanos (57,51% mujeres; M edad: 27,04) de la ciudad Metropolitana de Lima, quienes respondieron los instrumentos adaptados al español: Impact of event scale-revised-R (IES-R), Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) y Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), cuyas respuestas de los reactivos representaron el análisis de red con las medidas de centralidad y estabilidad de los nodos.
Resultados: se observaron mayores medidas de centralidad en los reactivos de estado de ánimo depresivo, miedo al contagio y miedo a la muerte por COVID-19. Las mayores conexiones de red se encontraron entre los síntomas depresivos, síntomas postraumáticos de evitación, síntomas emocionales del miedo al COVID-19. Asimismo, se demostró la estabilidad de las medidas de centralidad de fuerza y la precisión de los nodos o variables de la red.
Conclusiones: los participantes manifestaron mayores niveles de síntomas de depresión y miedo al COVID-19, tales síntomas fueron más centrales en la red y reportaron conexiones de mayor activación en la red, cuya consideración es determinante para una mejor eficacia en la intervención y prevención ante la pandemia para los profesionales de las ciencias de la salud y del comportamiento
Citas
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13. Ramos-Vera CA. El análisis de red de relaciones estadísticas en la investigación de las ciencias de la salud. Rev. virtual Soc. Parag. Med. Int /Internet/. 2021 /citado 3 May 2021/; 8(2) En Prensa
14. Ramos-Vera C, Serpa A. Network analysis in psychiatric research. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2021; 49(3):123-4. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351493225_Network_analysis_in_psychiatric_research
15. Bringmann LF, Elmer T, Epskamp S, Krause RW, Schoch D, Wichers M, et al. What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks? J Abnorm Psychol. 2019; 128(8):892-903. doi:10.1037/abn0000446
16. Van Bork R, Rhemtulla M, Waldorp LJ, Kruis J, Rezvanifar S, Borsboom D. Latent variable models and networks: Statistical equivalence and testability. Multivariate Behav Res. 2021; 56(2): 175-98. doi:10.1080/00273171.2019.1672515
17. Thoresen S, Tambs K, Hussain A, Heir T, Johansen VA, Bisson JI. Brief measure of posttraumatic stress reactions: Impact of Event Scale-6. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2010; 45(3):405–12. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0073-x
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19. Ramos-Vera CA. Miedo a la COVID-19 en adultos peruanos mediante análisis de red. Rev cuba enferm /Internet/. 2020 /citado 15 Abr 2021/; 36(0):e. Disponible en: http://www.revenfermeria.sld.cu/index.php/enf/article/view/4082/664. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17129.93284
20. Epskamp S, Fried EI. A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Psychol Methods. 2018; 23(4):617–34. doi: 10.1037/met0000167
21. Fruchterman TMJ, Reingold EM. Graph drawing by force-directed placement. Software Pract Exper /Internet/. 1991 /cited 2021 Feb 10/; 21(11):1129–64. Available from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.13.8444&rep=rep1&type=pdf
22. Mertens G, Gerritsen L, Duijndam S, Salemink E, Engelhard IM. Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. J Anxiety Disord. 2020; 74: 102258. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
23. Di Blasi M, Gullo S, Mancinelli E, Freda MF, Esposito G, Gioacchino Gelo OC, et al. Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021; 284:18-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016
24. Ramos-Vera C, Baños-Chaparro J, Ogundokun RO. The network structure of depressive symptomatology in Peruvian adults with arterial hypertension [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research. 2021; 10:19. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27422.2
25. Malgaroli M, Calderon A, Bonanno GA. Networks of major depressive disorder: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021; 85: 102000. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102000
26. Contreras A, Nieto I, Valiente C, Espinosa R, Vazquez C. The study of psychopathology from the network analysis perspective: A systematic review. Psychother Psychosom. 2019; 88(2):71-83. doi: 10.1159/000497425
27. Beard C, Millner AJ, Forgeard MJC, Fried EI, Hsu KJ, Treadway MT, et al. Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptom relationships in a psychiatric sample. Psychol Med. 2016; 46(16):3359–69. doi: 10.1017/S0033291716002300
28. Şimşir Z, Koç H, Seki T, Griffiths MD. The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: A meta-analysis. Death Stud. 2021:1-9. doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1889097
29. Ramos-Vera C. Las relaciones dinámicas de red de la obsesión y la ansiedad ante la muerte por COVID-19 durante la segunda cuarentena en universitarios peruanos. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.03.004
30. Lieb R, Meinlschmidt G, Araya R. Epidemiology of the association between somatoform disorders and anxiety and depressive disorders: an update. Psychosom Med. 2007; 69(9):860–3. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815b0103
31. Ramos-Vera C. Relaciones de red del complejo estigma-discriminación y el miedo a la COVID-19 durante la segunda ola pandémica en adultos peruanos. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.05.010
32. Slavich GM, Irwin MR. From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: a social signal transduction theory of depression. Psychol Bull. 2014; 140(3):774–815. doi: 10.1037/a0035302
33. Ramos-Vera CA. Conceptos de interés en la atención integral de los pacientes con multimorbilidad. Aten Primaria. 2021. 53(6): 101969. doi: 10.1016/j.aprim.2021.101969
34. Senra H. Bidirectional associations and common inflammatory biomarkers in COVID-19 and mental health disorders: a window of opportunity for future research? Brain Behav Immun Health. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100237
35. Kappelmann N, Czamara D, Rost N, Moser S, Schmoll V, Trastulla L, et al. Polygenic risk for immuno-metabolic markers and specific depressive symptoms: A multi-sample network analysis study. Brain Behav Immun. 2021. 95: 256-68. doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.20248981
36. Henneghan A, Wright ML, Bourne G, Sales AC. A cross-sectional exploration of cytokine–symptom networks in breast cancer survivors using network analysis. Can J Nurs Res. 2020. doi: 10.1177/0844562120927535
37. Fried EI, Von Stockert S, Haslbeck JMB, Lamers F, Schoevers RA, Penninx BWJH. Using network analysis to examine links between individual depressive symptoms, inflammatory markers, and covariates. Psychol Med. 2020; 50 (16): 2682-90. doi: 10.1017/S0033291719002770
2. Huremovic D. Chapter 8: Social distancing, quarantine, and isolation. In: Huremovic D, Editor. Psychiatry of pandemics a mental health response to infection outbreak. Switzerland: Springer; 2019: 85-94.
3. Salari N, Hosseinian-Far A, Jalali R, Vaisi-Raygani A, Rasoulpoor S, Mohammadi M, et al. Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Health 2020; 16(1):57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w
4. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020; 395(10227):912-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
5. Olapegba PO, Chovwen CO, Ayandele O, Ramos-Vera C. Fear of COVID-19 and preventive health behavior: Mediating role of post-traumatic stress and psychological distress. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021:1-12. doi: 10.1007/s11469-021-00557-4
6. Greenwood BN, Thompson RS, Opp MR, Fleshner M. Repeated exposure to conditioned fear stress increases anxiety and delays sleep recovery following exposure to an acute traumatic stressor. Front Psychiatry. 2014; 5:146. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00146
7. Porges SW. The COVID-19 Pandemic is a paradoxical challenge to our nervous system: a Polyvagal Perspective. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2020; 17(2):135–8. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200220
8. An Y, Huang J, Chen Y, Deng Z. Longitudinal cross-lagged relationships between posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in adolescents following the Yancheng tornado in China. Psychol Trauma. 2019; 11(7):760-6. doi.10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00146
9. Ni MY, Jiang Ch, Cheng KK, Zhang W, Gilman SE, Lam TH, et al. Stress across the life course and depression in a rapidly developing population: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016. 31(6):629-37. doi: 10.1002/gps.4370
10. Jansson-Fröjmark M, Lindblom K. A bidirectional relationship between anxiety and depression, and insomnia? A prospective study in the general population. J. Psychosom. Res. 2008; 64(4): 443-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.10.016
11. Ramos Vera CA. Red de síntomas psicopatológicos de la conducta alimentaria, depresión, ansiedad y estrés postraumático en adultos peruanos en cuarentena por COVID-19. Rev cuba enferm. (online) /Internet/ 2020 /citado 15 Abr 2021/. 36: e4200. Disponible en: http://revenfermeria.sld.cu/index.php/enf/article/view/4200
12. Taylor S, Landry CA, Paluszek MM, Fergus TA, McKay D, Asmundson GJG. COVID stress syndrome: Concept, structure, and correlates. Depress Anxiety. 2020; 37(8):706-14. doi: 10.1002/da.23071
13. Ramos-Vera CA. El análisis de red de relaciones estadísticas en la investigación de las ciencias de la salud. Rev. virtual Soc. Parag. Med. Int /Internet/. 2021 /citado 3 May 2021/; 8(2) En Prensa
14. Ramos-Vera C, Serpa A. Network analysis in psychiatric research. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2021; 49(3):123-4. Disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351493225_Network_analysis_in_psychiatric_research
15. Bringmann LF, Elmer T, Epskamp S, Krause RW, Schoch D, Wichers M, et al. What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks? J Abnorm Psychol. 2019; 128(8):892-903. doi:10.1037/abn0000446
16. Van Bork R, Rhemtulla M, Waldorp LJ, Kruis J, Rezvanifar S, Borsboom D. Latent variable models and networks: Statistical equivalence and testability. Multivariate Behav Res. 2021; 56(2): 175-98. doi:10.1080/00273171.2019.1672515
17. Thoresen S, Tambs K, Hussain A, Heir T, Johansen VA, Bisson JI. Brief measure of posttraumatic stress reactions: Impact of Event Scale-6. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2010; 45(3):405–12. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0073-x
18. Mills SD, Fox RS, Pan TM, Malcarne VL, Roesch SC, Sadler GR. Psychometric evaluation of the patient health questionnaire-4 in hispanic americans. Hisp J Behav Sci. 2015; 37(4):560-71. doi: 10.1177/0739986315608126
19. Ramos-Vera CA. Miedo a la COVID-19 en adultos peruanos mediante análisis de red. Rev cuba enferm /Internet/. 2020 /citado 15 Abr 2021/; 36(0):e. Disponible en: http://www.revenfermeria.sld.cu/index.php/enf/article/view/4082/664. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17129.93284
20. Epskamp S, Fried EI. A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks. Psychol Methods. 2018; 23(4):617–34. doi: 10.1037/met0000167
21. Fruchterman TMJ, Reingold EM. Graph drawing by force-directed placement. Software Pract Exper /Internet/. 1991 /cited 2021 Feb 10/; 21(11):1129–64. Available from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.13.8444&rep=rep1&type=pdf
22. Mertens G, Gerritsen L, Duijndam S, Salemink E, Engelhard IM. Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. J Anxiety Disord. 2020; 74: 102258. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
23. Di Blasi M, Gullo S, Mancinelli E, Freda MF, Esposito G, Gioacchino Gelo OC, et al. Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021; 284:18-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016
24. Ramos-Vera C, Baños-Chaparro J, Ogundokun RO. The network structure of depressive symptomatology in Peruvian adults with arterial hypertension [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research. 2021; 10:19. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27422.2
25. Malgaroli M, Calderon A, Bonanno GA. Networks of major depressive disorder: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2021; 85: 102000. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102000
26. Contreras A, Nieto I, Valiente C, Espinosa R, Vazquez C. The study of psychopathology from the network analysis perspective: A systematic review. Psychother Psychosom. 2019; 88(2):71-83. doi: 10.1159/000497425
27. Beard C, Millner AJ, Forgeard MJC, Fried EI, Hsu KJ, Treadway MT, et al. Network analysis of depression and anxiety symptom relationships in a psychiatric sample. Psychol Med. 2016; 46(16):3359–69. doi: 10.1017/S0033291716002300
28. Şimşir Z, Koç H, Seki T, Griffiths MD. The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: A meta-analysis. Death Stud. 2021:1-9. doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1889097
29. Ramos-Vera C. Las relaciones dinámicas de red de la obsesión y la ansiedad ante la muerte por COVID-19 durante la segunda cuarentena en universitarios peruanos. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.03.004
30. Lieb R, Meinlschmidt G, Araya R. Epidemiology of the association between somatoform disorders and anxiety and depressive disorders: an update. Psychosom Med. 2007; 69(9):860–3. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815b0103
31. Ramos-Vera C. Relaciones de red del complejo estigma-discriminación y el miedo a la COVID-19 durante la segunda ola pandémica en adultos peruanos. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.05.010
32. Slavich GM, Irwin MR. From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: a social signal transduction theory of depression. Psychol Bull. 2014; 140(3):774–815. doi: 10.1037/a0035302
33. Ramos-Vera CA. Conceptos de interés en la atención integral de los pacientes con multimorbilidad. Aten Primaria. 2021. 53(6): 101969. doi: 10.1016/j.aprim.2021.101969
34. Senra H. Bidirectional associations and common inflammatory biomarkers in COVID-19 and mental health disorders: a window of opportunity for future research? Brain Behav Immun Health. 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100237
35. Kappelmann N, Czamara D, Rost N, Moser S, Schmoll V, Trastulla L, et al. Polygenic risk for immuno-metabolic markers and specific depressive symptoms: A multi-sample network analysis study. Brain Behav Immun. 2021. 95: 256-68. doi:10.1101/2021.01.07.20248981
36. Henneghan A, Wright ML, Bourne G, Sales AC. A cross-sectional exploration of cytokine–symptom networks in breast cancer survivors using network analysis. Can J Nurs Res. 2020. doi: 10.1177/0844562120927535
37. Fried EI, Von Stockert S, Haslbeck JMB, Lamers F, Schoevers RA, Penninx BWJH. Using network analysis to examine links between individual depressive symptoms, inflammatory markers, and covariates. Psychol Med. 2020; 50 (16): 2682-90. doi: 10.1017/S0033291719002770
