Beneficios del consumo de dieta mediterránea en individuos con elevado riesgo cardiovascular: un patrón que debe convertirse en el común denominador
Palabras clave:
dieta mediterránea, factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiaca, estilos de vida saludable, enfermedades cardiovasculares
Resumen
Las enfermedades cardiovasculares siguen siendo la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo. Y aunque existen herramientas terapéuticas y farmacológicas que ayudan a controlar la incidencia de desenlaces cardiovasculares con la reducción del riesgo cardiovascular, las inequidades en el acceso oportuno a servicios de salud y de determinantes sociales de la salud impiden que toda la población con esta necesidad pueda recibir esta ayuda terapéutica. Es así, como se da prioridad a las intervenciones no farmacológicas, dentro de las que se destaca, la dieta, la cual ha demostrado influir significativamente en la salud cardiovascular y en la expectativa de vida del ser humano. Particularmente, la dieta mediterránea, basada esencialmente en el consumo de frutas, vegetales, granos, legumbres, aceite de oliva, especias, seguido de proteína derivada de pescado y comida de mar, ha demostrado proveer cierto grado de protección frente a enfermedades cardiometabólicas. Sin embargo, se desconoce con certeza cuál es el impacto en la población con elevado riesgo cardiovascular y, por ende, enfermedad cardiovascular establecida. Considerando la evolución de la evidencia en los patrones dietarios, así como la necesidad de conocer qué tanto impactan las dietas viables en nuestro medio, sobre todo en aquellos con mayor riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular, el objetivo de esta revisión consiste en exponer evidencia actualizada sobre los beneficios de la dieta mediterránea en individuos con elevado riesgo cardiovascular. Para esto, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct y Scielo.
Citas
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2. Heller O, Somerville C, Suggs LS, Lachat S, Piper J, Aya Pastrana N, et al. The process of prioritization of non-communicable diseases in the global health policy arena. Health Policy Plan [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 34(5):370-83. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31199439. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czz043
3. Cagna-Castillo D, Salcedo-Carrillo AL, Carrillo-Larco RM, Bernabé-Ortiz A. Prevalence and incidence of stroke in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 13(1):6809. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37100856/#:~:text=The%20overall%20pooled%20stroke%20prevalence,%2D23)%20per%201000%20subjects. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33182-3
4. Vaduganathan M, Mensah GA, Turco JV, Fuster V, Roth GA. The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk: A compass for future health. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 80(25):2361-71. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36368511. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.11.005
5. Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: Update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 76(25):2982-3021. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33309175. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
6. Martínez-González MA, Gea A, Ruiz-Canela M. The mediterranean diet and cardiovascular health. Circ Res [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 124(5):779-98. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30817261. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313348
7. Salas-Salvadó J, Becerra-Tomás N, García-Gavilán JF, Bulló M, Barrubés L. Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease prevention: What do we know?. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018; 61(1):62-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.04.006
8. Martínez-González MA, Salas-Salvadó J, Estruch R, Corella D, Fitó M, Ros E, et al. Benefits of the mediterranean diet: Insights from the PREDIMED study. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 58(1):50-60. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2015.04.003
9. Martínez-Rodríguez A, Vidal-Martínez L, Martínez-Olcina M, Miralles-Amorós L, Sánchez-Sáez JA, Ramos-Campo DJ, et al. Study the effect of an innovative educational program promoting healthy food habits on eating disorders, mediterranean diet adherence and body composition in university students. Healthcare (Basel) [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 11(7):965. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37046892. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11070965
10. Karam G, Agarwal A, Sadeghirad B, Jalink M, Hitchcock ChL, Ge L, et al. Comparison of seven popular structured dietary programmes and risk of mortality and major cardiovascular events in patients at increased cardiovascular risk: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 380: e072003. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36990505. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072003
11. Kaufman-Shriqui V, Navarro DA, Salem H, Boaz M. Mediterranean diet and health – a narrative review. Funct. Foods Health Dis [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 12(9):479-87. Available from: https://www.ffhdj.com/index.php/ffhd/article/view/989/1696. doi: 10.31989/ffhd.v12i9.989
12. Magriplis E, Zampelas A. Chapter 4 - The mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease: An overview. In: Preedy VR, Ross Watson R., Editors. The mediterranean diet: An evidence-based approach. 2nd Ed. Elsevier; 2020. p. 41-55. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-818649-7.00004-7
13. Ros E, Hu FB. Consumption of plant seeds and cardiovascular health: epidemiological and clinical trial evidence. Circulation [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 128(5):553-65. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23897849. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001119
14. Souza RGM, Gomes AC, Naves MMV, Mota JF. Nuts and legume seeds for cardiovascular risk reduction: scientific evidence and mechanisms of action. Nutr Rev [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 73(6):335-47. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/73/6/335/1845023?login=false. doi. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuu008
15. Koloverou E, Panagiotakos DB. Inflammation: a new player in the link between mediterranean diet and diabetes mellitus: a review. Curr Nutr Rep. 2017; 6(3):247–56. doi: 10.1007/s13668-017-0209-7
16. Billingsley HE, Carbone S. The antioxidant potential of the mediterranean diet in patients at high cardiovascular risk: an in-depth review of the PREDIMED. Nutr Diabetes [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 8(1):13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29549354. doi: 10.1038/s41387-018-0025-1
17. Nani A, Murtaza B, Sayed Khan A, Khan NA, Hichami A. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of polyphenols contained in mediterranean diet in obesity: Molecular mechanisms. Molecules [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 26(4):985. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33673390. doi: 10.3390/molecules26040985
18. Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SRM, Elkhayat ES, El Dine RS. Natural anti-obesity agents. Bull. Fac. Pharm. Cairo Univ [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 52(2):269-84. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110093114000179. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bfopcu.2014.05.001
19. Wang S, Moustaid-Moussa N, Chen L, Mo H, Shastri A, Su R, et al. Novel insights of dietary polyphenols and obesity. J Nutr Biochem [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 25(1):1-18. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24314860. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.09.001
20. Castro-Barquero S, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Doménech M, Estruch R. Relationship between mediterranean dietary polyphenol intake and obesity. Nutrients [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 10(10):1523. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30336572. doi: 10.3390/nu10101523
21. Dludla PV, Nkambule BB, Jack B, Mkandla Z, Mutize T, Silvestri S, et al. Inflammation and oxidative stress in an obese state and the protective effects of gallic acid. Nutrients [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 11(1):23. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30577684. doi: 10.3390/nu11010023
22. Longo VD, Anderson RM. Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions. Cell [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 185(9):1455-70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35487190. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002
23. Al-Shameri EA, Al-Shahethi AH, Wafa SW. Nutritional status and its determinants in the Eastern Mediterranean region. A review. Saudi Med J [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 43(4):423-27. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35414622. doi: 10.15537/smj.2022.43.4.20210676
24. Tsigalou Ch, Konstantinidis T, Paraschaki A, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou Ch, Bezirtzoglou E. Mediterranean diet as a tool to combat inflammation and chronic diseases. An overview. Biomedicines [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 8(7):201. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7400632. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines8070201
25. Kopp W. How western diet and lifestyle drive the pandemic of obesity and civilization diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 12:2221-36. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6817492. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S216791
26. Kramer B, França LM, Zhang Y, de Andrade Paes AM, Gerdes AM, Carrillo-Sepulveda MA. Western diet triggers toll-like receptor 4 signaling-induced endothelial dysfunction in female Wistar rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Jun 8]; 315(6):H1735-H1747. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30265151. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00218.2018
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