Personalized immunotherapy in sepsis: Advances and challenges in therapeutic optimization
Resumen
Introducción: la sepsis representa uno de los síndromes más complejos y biológicamente heterogéneos de la medicina crítica contemporánea, caracterizado no solo por inflamación desregulada, sino también por agotamiento inmunológico simultáneo, disfunción endotelial, inmunotrombosis, lesión mitocondrial y colapso inmunometabólico. Los enfoques terapéuticos tradicionales basados exclusivamente en el control de la infección y la estabilización hemodinámica no han logrado reducir significativamente la mortalidad, debido a que no abordan la diversidad inmunovascular dinámica presente en los pacientes sépticos. La evidencia emergente sugiere que la sepsis no debe interpretarse como un único fenotipo inflamatorio, sino como un espectro de endotipos inmunológicos y endoteliales altamente dinámicos que requieren inmunoterapia de precisión guiada por biomarcadores.
Objetivo: describir las estrategias inmunomoduladoras actuales y emergentes en sepsis, integrando desregulación inmunitaria, lesión endotelial, firmas transcriptómicas, puntos de control inmunológico, disfunción inmunometabólica y estratificación guiada por biomarcadores, con el fin de identificar enfoques terapéuticos personalizados capaces de mejorar los desenlaces clínicos y biológicos.
Métodos: se realizó una revisión narrativa estructurada utilizando las bases de datos PubMed, Nature, Scopus y LILACS. Se aplicaron términos MeSH y DeCS relacionados con sepsis, inmunoterapia, puntos de control inmunológico, disfunción endotelial, biomarcadores, transcriptómica, inmunometabolismo y medicina de precisión. De un total inicial de 456 estudios, se seleccionaron 54 artículos que cumplían criterios metodológicos, traslacionales y clínicos predefinidos para el análisis integrador. Se incluyeron estudios experimentales, traslacionales y clínicos que evaluaran modulación inmune, estratificación guiada por biomarcadores y mecanismos endoteliales o inmunometabólicos en sepsis.
Resultados: la sepsis mostró una marcada heterogeneidad biológica caracterizada por hiperrespuesta inflamatoria simultánea con inmunoparálisis, lesión endotelial, degradación del glicocálix, disfunción mitocondrial, colapso microcirculatorio y agotamiento inmunológico persistente. Estrategias inmunoterapéuticas como IFN-γ, GM-CSF, IL-7, timosina-α1, glucocorticoides, inhibidores de puntos de control inmunológico, inmunoglobulinas intravenosas y células madre mesenquimales demostraron efectos biológicos variables según el endotipo séptico predominante y el momento de intervención. Biomarcadores como la expresión monocítica de HLA-DR, las firmas transcriptómicas SRS1/SRS2, IL-6, IL-10, marcadores endoteliales y el perfil de puntos de control inmunológico permitieron una mejor estratificación inmunológica. Además, el modelo SIMMP–Sepsis (Síndrome Inmunometabólico Multiorgánico Persistente Asociado a Sepsis) evidenció la persistencia de disfunción inmunometabólica e inmunovascular a largo plazo más allá de la aparente recuperación clínica.
Conclusiones: la principal limitación de la inmunoterapia en sepsis no deriva únicamente de la ineficacia terapéutica, sino de la ausencia de una estratificación biológica dinámica capaz de identificar la terapia adecuada para el endotipo inmunológico y endotelial correcto. La sepsis debe redefinirse como un trastorno inmunometabólico e inmunovascular persistente más que como un síndrome puramente inflamatorio. Las futuras estrategias de medicina de precisión requerirán integrar transcriptómica, monitoreo inmunológico, biología endotelial, evaluación del glicocálix y perfilamiento inmunometabólico para optimizar intervenciones terapéuticas individualizadas y mejorar los desenlaces a largo plazo en pacientes críticamente enfermos.
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